Acknowledgements

About the Electronic Privacy Information Center

The Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) is a public interest research center in Washington, D.C. It was established in 1994 to focus public attention on emerging civil liberties issues and to protect privacy, the First Amendment, and constitutional values. EPIC is a project of the Fund for Constitutional Government. EPIC is a member of the Transatlantic Consumer Dialog, Global Internet Liberty Campaign, the Internet Free Expression Alliance and the Internet Privacy Coalition. The EPIC Bookstore provides a comprehensive selection of books and reports on computer security, cryptography, the First Amendment and free speech, open government, and privacy. Visit the EPIC Bookstore at www.epic.org/bookstore/.

About Privacy International

Privacy International (PI) is a human rights group formed in 1990 as a watchdog on surveillance by governments and corporations. PI is based in London, England, and has an office in Washington, D.C. PI has conducted campaigns throughout the world on issues ranging from wiretapping and national security activities, to ID cards, video surveillance, data matching, police information systems, and medical privacy. An electronic version of this report and updates is available from the Privacy International web page at http://www.privacyinternational.org/ Copyright © 2000 by the Electronic Privacy Information Center and Privacy International First edition 2000 Printed in the United States of America All Rights Reserved ISBN: 1-893044-09-2

EPIC Staff

Marc Rotenberg, Executive Director David L. Sobel, General Counsel Andrew Shen, Policy Analyst Sarah Andrews, Policy Analyst David Banisar, Senior Fellow Wayne Madsen, Senior Fellow

Acknowledgments

This study was written by David Banisar, Deputy Director of Privacy International and a Senior Fellow at the Electronic Privacy Information Center. Substantial writing and research assistance for this edition was provided by Sarah Andrews, Policy Analyst at EPIC, Colleen Chien, of the Boalt Hall Law School, University of California, Berkeley and Pablo Palazzi of the Catholic University of Argentina - School of Law. Simon Davies, Director General of Privacy International, contributed to the introductory material. To gather information for this study and previous editions, knowledgeable individuals from academia, government, human rights groups and other fields were asked to submit reports and information. Their reports were supplemented with information gathered from Constitutions, laws, international and national government documents, news reports, human rights reports and other sources. EPIC and Privacy International would like to thank the following people for providing invaluable reports, information and advice: Jason Abrams, EPIC; Andrzej Adamski, Nicolas Copernicus University, Poland; Yaman Akdeniz, Cyber-Rights & Cyber-Liberties; Andrej D. Bartosiewicz, Citizen’s Initiative for a Good Law on Access To Information, Slovakia; Diana Alonso Blas, Registratiekamer, Netherlands; Mads Bryde Andersen, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Jacques Berleur, Facultes Universitaires N.D. de la Paix, Belgium; Colin Bennett, University of Victoria, Canada; Mark Berthold, Office of the Ombudsman, New Zealand; Herbert Burkert, GMD, Germany; Lee Bygrave, Norwegian Research Centre for Computers & Law; Rafael Fernandez Calvo, CLI, Spain; Anne Carblanc, OECD, France; Pavel Cerny, EPS, Czech Republic; Dmitry Chereshkin, Russian Academy of Natural Sciences; Tyng-Ruey Chuang, Taiwan Association of Human Rights; Dr. Richard Claude, Washington, D.C.; Tracy Cohen, Link Centre, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa; Ulrich Dammann, Bundesbeauftragte für den Datenschutz, Germany; Alexander Dix, Commissioner for Data Protection and Access to Information, Brandenburg, Germany; Ronnie Downes, Irish Data Protection Agency; Jón Erlendsson, Iceland; William G. Ferroggiard, National Security Archive, USA; Maurice Frankel, Campaign for Freedom of Information, UK; Miguel Angel Garcia, Estudios de Consumo, Spain; Marie Georges, CNIL, France; Rishab Aiyer Ghosh, India; Eric Goldstein, Human Rights Watch Middle East/North Africa; Graham Greenleaf, University of New South Wales, Australia; Marina Gromova, Russia; Alex Hamilton, Liberty, United Kingdom; Pétur Hauksson, Mannvernd, Iceland; Bénédicte Havelange, Commission de la Protection de la Vie Privée, Belgium; Jan Holvast, Holvast and Partners, Netherlands; Gus Hosein, Privacy International; Deborah Hurley, Harvard Information Infrastructure Project; Pavol Husar, Commissioner for the Protection of Personal Data in Information Systems, Slovak Republic; Joel Jaakkola, Finland; Ms. Ona Jakstaite, State Data Protection Inspection, Lithuania; Sigrún Jóhannesdóttir, The Iclandic Data Protection Commission; Marina Karakonova, Access to Information Programme, Bulgaria; Michael Kassner, EPIC; Yeoh Beng Keat, Ministry of Energy, Communications and Multimedia, Malaysia; Maija Kleemola, Office of Data Protection Ombudsman, Finland; Dieter Kronegger, Arge Daten, Austria; Jorma Kuopus, Office of the Parliamentary Ombudsman, Finland; Margarita Lacabe, Derechos Human Rights; Anne-Christine Lacoste, Belgian Privacy Data Protection Commission; Steven Lau, Hong Kong Privacy Commissioner; Pippa Lawson, Public Interest Advocacy Centre, Canada; Georg Lechner, Austrian Data Protection Commission; Wayne Madsen, EPIC; László Majtényi, Hungarian Information and Privacy Commissioner; Veni Markovski, Internet Society Bulgaria; Viktor Mayer-Schönberger, Harvard University; Jay McKinnon, EPIC; Robin McLeish, Hong Kong; Erich Moechel, quintessenz, Austria; Andrea Monti, Studio Legale Monti, Italy; Dinesh Nair; Victor Naumov, St.Petersburg Institute for Informatics, Russia; Dr. Karel Neuwirt, Office for Personal Data Protection, Czech Republic; Detlef Nogala, Max-Planck-Institut, Germany; Nelly Ognyanova, Bulgarian Institute for Legal Development; Kaidi Oone, Estonian State Chancellery, Department of State Information Systems; Maxim Otstavnov, Computerra, Russia; Hugues Parasie, Commission de la Protection de la Vie Privée, Belgium; Andriy Pazyuk, Privacy Ukraine; Charlotte Edholm Petersen, Datatilsynet, Denmark; Yves Poullet, Centre de Recherches Informatique et Droit, Belgium; Andrei Pribylov, Human Rights Network, Russia; Joel Reidenberg, Fordham University Law School, USA; Dovota Rowicka, Bureau of Inspector General for the Protection of Personal Data, Poland; Felipe Rodriquez, Electronic Frontiers Australia; Roman Romanov, Sebastopol Group for Human Rights Protection, Ukraine; Anneliese Roos, University of South Africa; Dr Paul Roth, University of Otago, New Zealand; Dag Wiese Schartum, University of Oslo, Norway; Anat Scolnicov, Association for Civil Rights in Israel; Jin Wan Seo, Department of Public Administration, University of Inchon, South Korea; Antonino Serra Cambaceres, Consumers International; Justyna Seweryoska, Bureau of the Inspector General for the Protection of Personal Data, Poland; Bernard Silva, Office of the Federal Privacy Commissioner, Australia; Andrew Shen, EPIC; Sergei Smirnov, Human Rights Network, Russia; Robert Ellis Smith, Privacy Journal; Christoph Sobotta, University of Frankfurt, Germany; Barry Steinhardt, ACLU; Blair Stewart, New Zealand Privacy Commission; Bettina Stomper, quintessenz, Austria; Ivan Szekely, Central European University, Hungary; Kosmas Tsiraktsopulos, Swiss Data Protection Commission; Marie Vallée, Videotron, Canada; Shauna Van Dongen, Privacy Journal, USA; Nigel Waters, Australia; Raymond Wacks, The University of Hong Kong; Elisabeth Wallin, The Data Inspection Board, Sweden; Maurice Wessling, Bits of Freedom, Netherlands; Ingrid Wilson; Australian Privacy Commission; Bobson Wong, Digital Freedom Network; Ko Youngkyoung, Social Information Networking Group, South Korea. 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