Privacy and Human Rights 2002

Sarah Andrews Electronic Privacy Information Center Washington, DC, US Privacy International London, UK This annual report by EPIC and Privacy International reviews the state of privacy in over fifty countries around the world. It outlines legal protections for privacy, new challenges, and summarizes important issues and events relating to privacy and surveillance. The 2002 edition of Privacy and Human Rights examines the impact of government proposals after September 11, 2001 on privacy and civil liberties.  The report documents many new anti-terrorism and security measures and identifies key trends including increased communications surveillance, weakening of data protection regimes, and increased profiling and identification of individuals. The 2002 Privacy and Human Rights report finds that laws to protect privacy in the workplace are gaining more support and that efforts to pass new data protection laws are continuing in Eastern Europe, Asia and Latin America.  Important debates are also taking place around the world concerning the future of new technologies for identification and surveillance. Map of Data Protection  Laws Around the World

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Forward Overview Defining Privacy Aspects of Privacy Models of Privacy Protection     Comprehensive laws     Sectoral Laws     Self-Regulation Technologies of Privacy The Right to Privacy The Evolution of Data Protection     Rationales for Adopting Comprehensive Laws     The European Union Data Protection Directives Oversight and Privacy and Data Protection Commissioners Transborder Data Flows and Data Havens     European Union-United States “Safe Harbor” Agreement Threats to Privacy The Response to September 11, 2001     Increased Communications Surveillance and Search and Seizure Powers     Weakening of Data Protection Regimes     Increased Data Sharing     Increased Profiling and Identification Identity systems     Identity (ID) cards     Biometrics Surveillance of Communications     Legal Protections and Human Rights     Legal and Technical Standards for Surveillance: Building in Big Brother     Internet Surveillance: Black Boxes and Key Loggers     Transactional and Location Data: Surveillance and New Communications Technologies     Retention of Traffic and Location Data     ‘Cybercrime’:  International Initiatives in Harmonizing Surveillance      National Security, Intelligence Agencies and the “Echelon system” Audio Bugging Video Surveillance     Face Recognition Satellite Surveillance Electronic Commerce     Spam     Profiling     Security Breaches     Information Brokers and Seal Programs     Privacy Enhancing Techniques     Electronic Numbering Public Records and Privacy, Public-Private Ventures Digital Rights Management Authentication and Identity Disclosure     Defining Identity Disclosure     Inscribing Identity into Policy     Inscribing Identity into Infrastructure     Inscribing Identity into Technology     Authentication without Identification Spy TV: Interactive Television & “T-Commerce” Genetic Privacy     Genetic Identification     Genetic Testing     Right Not to Know     In the Workplace     Insurance     Legal Safeguards Workplace Privacy     Legal Background     Performance Monitoring     Telephone Monitoring     E-mail and Internet Use Monitoring     Drug Testing Country Reports Argentine Republic Commonwealth of Australia      State and Territory Laws Republic of Austria Kingdom of Belgium Federative Republic of Brazil Republic of Bulgaria Canada       Provinces Republic of Chile People’s Republic of China Czech Republic Kingdom of Denmark      Greenland Republic of Estonia Republic of Finland      Aland Islands French Republic Federal Republic of Germany Hellenic Republic (Greece) Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong Republic of Hungary Republic of Iceland Republic of India Republic of Ireland State of Israel Italian Republic Japan Jordan Republic of (South) Korea Republic of Latvia Republic of Lithuania Grand Duchy of Luxembourg Malaysia United Mexican States Kingdom of the Netherlands New Zealand       Self-governing territories Kingdom of Norway Republic of Peru Republic of the Philippines Republic of Poland Republic of Portugal Russian Federation       Autonomous Russian Republics Republic of San Marino Republic of Singapore Slovak Republic Republic of Slovenia Republic of South Africa Kingdom of Spain Kingdom of Sweden Swiss Confederation (Switzerland) Republic of China (Taiwan) Kingdom of Thailand Republic of Turkey Republic of Ukraine United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland       Territories United States of America

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Part 1 - Analysis: Forward, Overview, Threats to Workplace Privacy (PDF 782k) Part 2 - Country Reports: Argentina to Lithuania (PDF 985k) Part 3 - Country Reports: Luxenbourg to United States (PDF 855k) Buy the Report from the EPIC Bookstore