[1631] Constitution of Japan, November 3, 1946. http://www.ntt.co.jp/japan/constitution/english-Constitution.html.
[1632] The Act for the Protection of Computer Processed Personal Data Held by Administrative Organs, Act No. 95, 16 December 1988 (Kampoo, 16 December 1988).
[1633] Kanagawa Prefecture Ordinance on the Protection of Personal Data, Ordinance No. 6, dated 30 March 1990.
[1634] Current as of December 2002.
[1635] The Act for Protection of Personal Data Held by Administrative Organs of 2003, Art. 53-55.
[1636] Philip Brasor, "Japanese tradition that violates privacy rights," Japan Times, June 9, 2002.
[1637] Japan Proposed Law Concerning Protection of Personal Information (Unofficial Transcript); "Cabinet approves bill to protect personal info," Yomiuri Shinbun, March 28, 2001.
[1638] "Bill must serve freedom of the press," Yomuiri Shinbun, March 28, 2001.
[1639] "Freedom of Expression," Mainichi Daily News, March 30, 2001; id.
[1640] "New Tokyo Law may out end to 'exposes,'" Straits Times (Singapore), June 1, 2001.
[1641] "Current Diet unlikely to OK info bill," Yomiuri Shinbun, June 3, 2001.
[1642] "Bill on data Protection approved by Cabinet," Japan Times, March 28, 2001.
[1643] Advisory Panel to Japanese Government Drafts Law to Protect Personal Information, BNA Daily Report for Executives, June 8, 2000.
[1644] "Diet begins debate on watered-down privacy bills", The Japan Times, April 9, 2003.
[1645] "Japan passes personal information protection bills", Mainichi Daily News, May 23, 2003.
[1646] Id.
[1647] "Japan Ministries To Compile Credit Data Protection Bill," Nikkei, July 4, 1999.
[1648] Newsbytes, June 1, 1998.
[1649] Ministry of Post and Telecommunications, More than 90% of Telecommunications Service Users Are Interested in Privacy Protection, 14 October 1999 http://www.mpt.go.jp/pressrelease/english/telecomm/news991115_5.html.
[1650] "Japanese ISPs, Carriers, Users Release Guideline for ISP Privacy Protection Duties," Bureau of National Affairs Privacy Law Watch, April 17, 2002.
[1651] "The court first ruled that ISP disclose name of its user," Mainichi Shimbun, March 31, 2003.
[1652] Home Page: http://www.jipdec.or.jp/security/privacy/index-e.html.
[1653] Nigel Waters, 'Reviewing the adequacy of privacy protection in the Asia Pacific Region, IIR Conference Information Privacy - Data Protection, 15 June 1998, Sydney; see also Ministry of International Trade and Industry ("MITI") "Japan's views on the protection of personal data" (April 1998).
[1654] Raab, Bennett, Gellman & Waters, European Commission Tender No XV/97/18/D, Application of a Methodology Designed to Assess the Adequacy of the Level of Protection of Individuals with Regard to Processing Personal Data: Test of the Method on Several Categories of Transfer, September 1998.
[1655] "Japan, U.S. bodies ink deal on data-privacy certification," The Yomiuri Shimbun, May 19, 2000.
[1656] Japan Information Processing Development Corporation http://privacymark.jp
[1657] Reuters, June 1, 1999. Also see http://www.jca.ax.apc.org/~toshi/cen/wiretap.intr.html.
[1658] "Diet passes wiretap, ID bills," Asia Intelligence Wire, August 13, 1999.
[1659] Toshimaru Ogura, "Toward Global Communication Rights: Movements against Wiretapping and Monitoring in Japan," October 30, 2000.
[1660] "Diet eyes allowing police to bug phones," Mainichi Daily News June 16, 1998.
[1661] Ogura, supra; "Police Gain Right to Tap Phone Email," The Standard, August 15, 2000.
[1662] Ogura, supra.
[1663] Id.
[1664] World Data Protection Report 2, 6, June 2002.
[1665] "Prosecutors drop bug case by lawmaker, TV Asahi," Yomiuri Shinbun, December 29, 2000.
[1666] See NaST http://www.jca.apc.org/privacy/.
[1667] "DoCoMo urges NPA not to seek tapping aid," Yomiuri Shimbun, August 16, 2000.
[1668] Telecommunications Business Law, LAW No. 86 of 25 December 1984) As amended last by Law No. 97 of 20 June 1997 http://www.mpt.go.jp/policyreports/english/laws/Tb_index.html.
[1669] "Police wiretapping," Mainichi Daily News, June 29, 1997.
[1670] "NTT Staffers Leaking Customer Information, Newsbytes," July 2, 1999.
[1671] "Prepaid cell phone companies to require," Kyodo News Service, May 12, 2000.
[1672] "Diet passes wiretap, ID bills," Asia Intelligence Wire, August 13, 1999.
[1673] "Yokohama to give choice, Kokubunji to boycott registry," Japan Economic Newswire, August 2 2002.
[1674] "Government Starts the Resident Registry Network System," The Yomiuri Shimbun/Daily Yomiuri, August 6, 2002.
[1675] "Seek Injunction Against the Residents Registration Network," Nihon Keizai Simbun, July 27,2003.
[1676] "Public Records: Japanese Officials Plan Security Audit On New Resident Registration Program." Privacy Law Watch, August 23, 2003.
[1677] "NPA reports on IC chip data to be implanted in licenses," Kyodo News Services, June 21, 2001.
[1678] "License Plates to Bear IC Chips with Driver, Auto Info," Comline, June 09, 1999.
[1679] "Cameras to give police in Kabukicho 'peep' show," Japan Times, June 5, 2001.
[1680] Christian Science Monitor, April 8, 1997.
[1681] Ogura, supra.
[1682] Toru Takahashi, "2 new laws aimed at cutting spam," Daily Yomiuri (Japan), July 2, 2002 http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/newse/20020702wo32.htm.
[1683] Japan Times, June 5, 2001.
[1684] Id.
[1685] Id.
[1686] http://www.jca.ax.apc.org/privacy/.
[1687] http://www1.jca.apc.org/nishoren/.
[1688] "35% of companies monitor online browsing, email by employees," Japan Today, May 14, 2002 http://www.japantoday.com/e/?content=news&cat=4&id=215446.
[1689] Manabu Yoshikawa and Yasuyoshi Tanaka Mainichi Shimbun, "Ethicists OK gene-sample research," Mainichi Daily News, May 8, 2000.
[1690] The Law Concerning Access to Information Held by Administrative Organs http://www.somucho.go.jp/gyoukan/kanri/translation.htm.
[1691] Kyodo News, May 22, 1999.
[1692] "MSDF officer compiled personal data on people seeking Defense Agency info," Japan Times, May 29, 2002 http://www.japantimes.com/cgi-bin/getarticle.p15?np20020529a2.htm.
[1693] "Private data kept by all SDF arms," Japan Times, June 4, 2002 http://www.japantimes.com/cgi-bin/getarticle.p15?nn20020604a2.htm.
[1694] "Municipalities Gave Data to SDF Inappropriately," Japan Economic Newswire, May 19, 2002. This case is unclear as to whether or not it violates the law.
[1695] "Municipalities gave data to SDF inappropriately," Japan Economic Newswire, May 19,2002.
[1696] "Defense Agency Collated Secret Data on Recruits for its Ranks," The Japan Times, April 23, 2003.
[1697] "Japanese diplomatic dispatches infiltrated by English-speaking spies," Mainichi Shinbun, June 27, 2001.
[1698] Id.
[1699] "Japanese Call To Shut Out Satellite Spy Group," The Age, June 28, 2001.
[1700] Convention on Cybercrime, Chart of signatures and ratifications, available at http://conventions.coe.int/.
[1701] "Bills on personal data seek balance," The Daily Yomiuri, May 8, 2003.
[1702] "Police call for security steps to prevent online," Japan Economic Newswire, June 5, 2002.