[2047] Constitution of the Philippines, Art. VIII, § 1.
[2048] Id. § 2.
[2049] Id. § 3(1).
[2050] Id. § 7.
[2051] "Philippine Supreme Court Decision of the National ID System," July 23, 1998, G.R. 127685.
[2052] Leotes Marie T. Lugo, "Erap Wants National ID System (Only Criminals Disagree with it, Says the President)," Business World (Manila), August 12, 1998, at 12.
[2053] Opinion Number 91; see "Foundation laid for proposed Nat'l ID," Business World (Manila), August 14, 1998, at 11.
[2054] See, e.g., Senate Bill 2436.
[2055] Romulo T. Luib, "LEDAC pushes national ID system (New plan not mandatory)" Business World (Philippines), May 15, 2003.
[2056] Id.
[2057] Eleanore C. Sanchez, "Technology body drafts data privacy measure," Business World, April 16, 2003 at 3.
[2058] Id;. see also Eleanore C. Sanchez, "ITECC mulls data privacy law proposal," ITMatters.com, March 14-15, 2003, available at http://itmatters.com.ph/news/news_03142003a.html (June 2, 2003).
[2059] Id.
[2060] Cordero v. Buigasco, 34130-R, April 17, 1972, 17 CAR (2s) 539; Jaworski v. Jadwani, CV-66405, December 15, 1983.
[2061] Civil Code, Art. 26; See n. 35 of the Philippine Supreme Court Decision of the National ID System, supra.
[2062] Civil Code, Art. 26.
[2063] Id. Art. 32(11).
[2064] Christopher Lim, E-com Legal Guide, The Philippines, Baker & McKenzie, Manila, January 2001, available at http://www.bakerinfo.com/apec/philapec_main.htm (June 2, 2003).
[2065] Bank Secrecy Act, Republic Act No.7653.
[2066] Secrecy of Bank Deposits Act, Republic Act No. 1405.
[2067] Natividad Kwan and Cornelio B. Abuda, Internet Banking - Key Legal Considerations, Baker & McKenzie, Manila, November 2000.
[2068] Republic Act No. 9160, § 7(c).
[2069] Id. §3(a).
[2070] Id. § 3(b).
[2071] Id.
[2072] Id. §9(c).
[2073] Id.
[2074] Lim, supra.
[2075] Access Devices Regulation Act of 1998, Republic Act No. 8484.
[2076] Id.
[2077] Electronic Commerce Act of 2000, Republic Act No. 8792.
[2078] Kwan and Abuda, supra.
[2079] "Philippines' NBI Clamps Down on 'Cyberthieves," Metropolitan Computer Times, (June 13, 2001).
[2080] U.S. Department of State Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2000, Philippines, February 2001.
U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, Philippines Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 2001, at http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2000/eap/764.htm.
[2081] U.S. Department of State Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2002, Philippines, March 2003.
U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, Philippines: Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 2003, available at http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2002/18261.htm.
[2082] Id.
[2083] Id.; see also Jowel F. Canuday, "UCCP's Human Rights, Peace, Interfaith Offices Ransacked," MindaNews, January 6, 2003, available at http://www.mindanews.com/2003/01/2nd/arn07uccp.html (June 2, 2003).
[2084] Act to Prohibit and Penalize Wire Tapping and Other Related Violations of the Privacy of Communication and for Other Purposes, Republic Act No. 4200, (June 19, 1965).
[2085] Id. § 5.
[2086] Id. § 1.
[2087] Penalties include imprisonment, disqualification from public office or deportation, in the case of a foreign alien.
[2088] Republic Act No. 4200, § 3.
[2089] Offences falling into this category include: crimes of treason, espionage, provoking war and disloyalty in case of war, piracy, mutiny in the high seas, rebellion, conspiracy and proposal to commit rebellion, inciting to rebellion, sedition, conspiracy to commit sedition, inciting to sedition, kidnapping as defined by the Revised Penal Code, and violations of Commonwealth Act No. 616, punishing espionage and other offenses against national security.
[2090] Lim, supra.
[2091] Id.
[2092] Cecille S Visto, "Ombudsman Starts Probe of Surveillance Activities," Business World, August 24, 2001 at 12.
[2093] Rape Victim Assistance and Protection Act of 1998, No. 8505, § 5.
[2094] Id. § 3(d).
[2095] Proposed Rule on Juveniles in Conflict With the Law A. M. NO. 02-1-18-SC (April 15, 2002), available at http://www.chanrobles.com/amno02118sc.htm, § 8.
[2096] Id. § 9.
[2097] Id. § 26.
[2098] Local Government Code of the Philippines.
[2099] As the basic political unit, the barangay serves as the primary planning and implementing unit of government policies, plans, programs, projects, and activities in the community, and as a forum wherein the collective views of the people may be expressed, crystallized and considered, and where disputes may be amicably settled.
[2100] Local Government Code of the Philippines, § 414.
[2101] Alien Social Integration Act of 1995, No. 7919.
[2102] Id. § 14.
[2103] The Government Service Insurance System, National Computer Center, Philippine Tourism Authority, Department of Social Welfare and Development, and the Light Railway Transit Authority use the fingerscan as a means to ensure that employees are actually at the worksite.
[2104] "Biometrics system usage rises," Business World ), February 17, 1998, at 14.
[2105] See, e.g., "Pactech: Philippines Prepares National ID Card," Pacific Business News, May 29, 2002, available at http://pacific.bizjournals.com/pacific/stories/2002/05/27/daily19.html.
[2106] "Philippine Agency Acts on 'E-Harrassment' In Government Workplaces," Metropolitan Computer Times, July 23, 2001.
[2107] Republic Act No. 6713.