[2809] Katz v. United States, 386 U.S. 954 (1967).
[2810] See, e.g., Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965); Whalen v. Roe, 429 United States 589 (1977); Paul v. Davis, 424 U.S. 714 (1976).
[2811] See, e.g., California Constitution, Art. I § I.
[2812] United States v. Miller, 425 US 435 (1976).
[2813] McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission, 514 U.S. 334 (1995).
[2814] NAACP v. Alabama, 357 U.S. 449 (1958).
[2815] Reno v. Condon, 528 U.S. 141 (2000).
[2816] Kyllo v. United States, 533 U.S. 27 (2001).
[2817] City of Indianapolis v. Edmond, 531 U.S. 32 (2000).
[2818] Ferguson v. City of Charlestown, 532 U.S. 67 (2000).
[2819] Watchtower Bible & Tract Soc'y of N.Y. v. Village of Stratton, 536 U.S. 150 (2002).
[2820] United States v. Drayton, 536 U.S. 194 (2002).
[2821] Board of Education v. Earls, 536 U.S. 822 (2002).
[2822] Owasso Independent School District v. Falvo, 534 U.S. 426 (2001).
[2823] Gonzaga Univ. v. Doe, 122 S. Ct. 2268 (2002).
[2824] Smith v. Doe, No. 01-729 (U.S. 2003), available at http://www.supremecourtus.gov/opinions/02pdf/01-729.pdf.
[2825] 539 U.S. ___ (2003), No. 01-1231, available at http://www.supremecourtus.gov/opinions/02pdf/01-1231.pdf.
[2826] 539 U.S. ___ (2003), No, 02-102, available at http://scotus.ap.org/scotus/02-102p.zo.pdf.
[2827] Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986).
[2828] Brief amici curiae of Mary Robinson, Amnesty International U.S.A., Human Rights Watch, Interights, the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, and Minnesota Advocates for Human Rights, available at http://www.hrw.org/press/2003/07/amicusbrief.pdf.
[2829] Privacy Act, Pub. L. No. 93-579 (1974), codified at 5 USC § 552a, available at http://www.epic.org/privacy/laws/privacy_act.html.
[2830] Social Security Numbers: Government Benefits from SSN Use but Could Provide Better Safeguards, General Accounting Office Report No. GAO-02-352 (May 2002), available at http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d02352.pdf.
[2831] Statewide Grand Jury Report: Identity Theft in Florida, SC: 01-1095 (January 2002), available at http://www.idtheftcenter.org/attach/FL_idtheft_gj.pdf; Social Security: Government and Private Sector Use of the Social Security Number is Widespread, General Accounting Office Report No. GAO/HEHS 99-28 (February 1999), available at http://www.epic.org/privacy/ssn/gao_ssn_2_99.html.
[2832] Privacy Act of 1974; Implementation, 68 Fed. Reg. 14140 (Mar. 24, 2003) (to be codified as 28 C.F.R. pt. 16).
[2833] EPIC, Require Accuracy for the NCIC, available at http://www.epic.org/actions/ncic/.
[2834] General Accounting Office, PRIVACY ACT: OMB Leadership Needed to Improve Agency Compliance (GAO-03-304)(July 2003), available at http://www.gao.gov.
[2835] See FTC Privacy Pages http://www.ftc.gov/privacy/index.html.
[2836] http://www.ftc.gov/ftc/workshops.htm.
[2837] Privacy Online: Fair Information Practices in the Electronic Marketplace: A Federal Trade Commission Report to Congress (May 2000), available at http://www.ftc.gov/os/2000/05/index.htm#22.
[2838] Protecting Consumers' Privacy: 2002 and Beyond, Remarks of FTC Chairman Timothy J. Muris, October 2001, available at http://www.ftc.gov/speeches/muris/privisp1002.htm.
[2839] FTC's cross-border fraud workshop, http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/workshops/crossborder.
[2840] See FTC Privacy Initiatives http://www.ftc.gov/privacy/index.html.
[2841] The Proposed National "DO NOT CALL" Registry, Amendment to the Telemarketing Sales Rule, January 2002, available at http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/conline/edcams/donotcall/index.html.
[2842] Federal Trade Commission, Eli Lilly Settles FTC Charges Concerning Security Breach, Jan. 18, 2002 http://www.ftc.gov/opa/2002/01/elililly.htm.
[2843] Federal Trade Commission, Microsoft Settles FTC Charges Alleging False Security and Privacy Promises, Aug. 8, 2002 http://www.ftc.gov/opa/2002/08/microsoft.htm.
[2844] Federal Trade Commission, High School Student Survey Companies Settle FTC Charges, Oct. 2, 2002 http://www.ftc.gov/opa/2002/10/student1r.htm.
[2845] See Chris J. Hoofnagle, AGs Apply General Consumer Protection Laws to Student Profiling, 6 Consumer Fin. Services L. Rep. 9 (Oct. 9, 2002).
[2846] See Marc Rotenberg, The Privacy Law Sourcebook: United States Law, International Law, and Recent Developments (EPIC 2003) http://www.epic.org/bookstore/pls/.
[2847] Right to Financial Privacy Act, Pub. L. No. 95-630 (1978).
[2848] Standards for Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health Information, 45 CFR Parts 160 and 164, promulgated under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, PL 104-191.
[2849] Fair Credit Reporting Act, Pub. L. No. 91-508 (1970), amended by PL 104-208 (1996), available at http://www.ftc.gov/os/statutes/fcra.htm.
[2850] Video Privacy Protection Act, Pub. L. No. 100-618 (1988).
[2851] Cable Privacy Protection Act, Pub. L. No. 98-549 (1984), available at http://www.epic.org/privacy/cable_tv/ctpa.html.
[2852] See Center for Media Education, A Parent's Guide to Online Privacy, available at http://www.kidsprivacy.org/.
[2853] Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, Pub. L.No. 93-380, 1974, available at http://www.epic.org/privacy/education/ferpa.html.
[2854] Drivers Privacy Protection Act, Pub. L.No. 103-322 (1994), available at http://www.epic.org/privacy/laws/drivers_privacy_bill.html.
[2855] Telephone Consumer Protection Act, Pub. L.No. 102-243 (1991).
[2856] Trans Union v. FTC, No. 01-5202 (D.C. Cir. 2002).
[2857] FTC Privacy Pages http://www.ftc.gov/privacy/index.html.
[2858] Office of the Secretary; Standards for Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health Information; Proposed Rule 45 CFR Parts 160 and 164, §164.501 (March 27, 2002), available at http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/hipaa/propmods.txt.
[2859] Robert Ellis Smith and Privacy Journal, Compilation of State and Federal Privacy Laws (2002 ed.) http://www.epic.org/privacy/consumer/states.html.
[2860] See Lake v. WalMart Stores, Inc., 582 N.W.2d 231 (Minn. 1998), for a review of state adoption of common law privacy torts.
[2861] See generally EPIC, Medical Privacy, available at http://www.epic.org/privacy/medical/.
[2862] S.1053, http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/C?c108:./temp/~c108sCD52L.
[2863] See generally EPIC, Workplace Privacy, available at http://www.epic.org/privacy/workplace/.
[2864] The language of the Senate bill has been introduced in the House as HR 1910. (The Senate and the House of Represenatives each have a procedure by which they pass bills. Once a bill passes both houses and any language differences are reconciled, the bill can go to the President for signature.
[2865] See generally, EPIC, Bill Track, available at http://www.epic.org/privacy/bill_track.html.
[2866] California Senate Bill 168.
[2867] Senate Bill 1368.
[2868] California Senate Bill 1386.
[2869] Minnesota S.F. 2908.
[2870] Tena Friery, "Privacy Alert: North Dakota Votes for 'Opt-In' Financial Privacy," Privacy Rights Clearinghouse, June 21, 2002, available at http://www.privacyrights.org/ar/nd_optin.htm.
[2871] Georgia Senate Bill 475.
[2872] Chris J. Hoofnagle, Consumer Privacy In the E-Commerce Marketplace 2002, Third Annual Institute on Privacy Law 1339, Practicing Law Institute G0-00W2 (June 2002), available at http://www.epic.org/epic/staff/hoofnagle/plidraft2002.pdf.
[2873] See Big Brother Inside Campaign http://www.bigbrotherinside.org.
[2874] See EPIC DoubleClick Pages http://www.epic.org/privacy/doubletrouble/.
[2875] For a detailed history and critical analysis of this agreement, see Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) and Junkbusters, "Network Advertising Initiative: Principles not Privacy," July 2000 http://www.epic.org/privacy/internet/NAI_analysis.html.
[2876] "Privacy advocates debate merits of DoubleClick settlement," Computerworld, May 22, 2002 http://www.computerworld.com/printthis/2002/0,4814,71382,00.html.
[2877] See http://www.bigbrotherinside.org.
[2878] "Gates, Grove Differ on Net Privacy Laws," Industry Standard, June 6, 2000.
[2879] European Parliament, Doubts over Security Personal Data in United States "Safe Harbors," available at http://www.europarl.eu.int/dg3/sdp/brief/en/br000703_ens.htm#9.
[2880] Safe Harbor List http://web.ita.doc.gov/safeharbor/shlist.nsf/webPages/safe+harbor+list.
[2881] 18 USC secs. 2510, et seq.; 18 USC 2701 et seq., available at http://www.law.cornell.edu:80/uscode/18/ch119.html.
[2882] Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, 50 USC 1801.
[2883] Letter from Attorney General John Ashcroft to Ralph Mecham, Director, Administrative Office of the United States Courts, April 29, 2003, available at http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/doj/fisa/2002rept.html.
[2884] 2002 Wiretap Report, Administrative Offices of the United States Courts, May 23, 2002, available at http://www.uscourts.gov/wiretap02/2002wttxt.pdf.
[2885] Selected court documents on the Scarfo case are available at http://www.epic.org/crypto/scarfo.html.
[2886] United States v. Nicodemo S. Scarfo, et al., No. 00-404 (NHP) (D. N.J. 2001) (Opinion and Order of Dec. 26, 2001), available at http://www.epic.org/crypto/scarfo/opinion.html.
[2887] 'Magic Lantern' Project Exists," Reuters, December 12, 2001
[2888] Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act of 1994, PL 103-411 http://www.epic.org/privacy/wiretap/calea/calea_law.html.
[2889] Federal Communications Commission, In the Matter of the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act, CC Docket No. 97-213, November 5, 1998, available at http://www.epic.org/privacy/wiretap/calea/fnprm.html.
[2890] United States Telecom Association, et al., v. Federal Communications Commission and United States of America, No. 99-1442.
[2891] Testimony of Robert Corn-Revere, before the Subcommittee on the Constitution of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States House of Representatives, The Fourth Amendment and the Internet, April 6, 2000, available at http://www.house.gov/judiciary/corn0406.htm.
[2892] "EarthLink Says It Refuses to Install FBI's Carnivore Surveillance Device," Wall Street Journal, July 14, 2000.
[2893] "Reno to double-check Carnivore's bite," Reuters, July 13, 2000.
[2894] IITRI, Independent Technical Review of the Carnivore System, Final Report, 8 December 2000 http://www.epic.org/privacy/carnivore/carniv_final.pdf.
[2895] FBI Memo on "FISA Mistakes," available at http://www.epic.org/privacy/carnivore/fisa.html.
[2896] H.R. 3162, Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT Act Act of 2001, Pub. L. No. 107-56, available at http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d107:h.r.03162.
[2897] Id. at § 216.
[2898] Id. at §201-2.
[2899] Id. at §§216, 220.
[2900] Id. at § 206.
[2901] National Review of State Surveillance Responses to September 11 Attacks, Constitution Project, April 8, 2002, available at http://constitutionproject.org/ls/50statesummary.doc.
[2902] 107 H.R. 3482, The Cyber Security Enhancement Act of 2002, available at http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d107:h.r.3482.
[2903] 107 H.R. 5005, available at http://www.epic.org/privacy/homeland/homeland_security_act.html.
[2904] Robert O'Harrow, "Matching Faces with Mugshots: Software for Police, Others Stir Privacy Concerns," Washington Post, July 31, 2001 at A1. See also EPIC, Face Recognition, available at http://www.epic.org/privacy/facerecognition/.
[2905] Declan McCullagh and Robert Zarate, Scanning Tech a Blurry Picture, Wired News, February 16, 2002, available at http://www.wired.com/news/print/0,1294,50470,00.html.
[2906] Hiawatha Bray, Face Testing' at Logan is Found Lacking, Boston Globe, July 17, 2002, available at http://www.boston.com/dailyglobe2/198/metro/_Face_testing_at_Logan_is_found_lacking+.shtml.
[2907] IDs - Not That Easy: Questions About Nationwide Identity Systems( Stephen Y. Kent & Lynette I. Millett, eds., 2002), Committee on Authentication Technologies and Their Privacy Implications, National Research Council, available at http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10346.html?onpi_topnews_041102.
[2908] Your Papers Please: From A State Driver's License to a System of National Identification, EPIC Report, February 2002 http://www.epic.org/privacy/id_cards/yourpapersplease.pdf.
[2909] http://www.dhs.gov/dhspublic/display?theme=43&content=736.
[2910] See generally EPIC, Total Terrorism Information Awareness, available at http://www.epic.org/privacy/profiling/tia/.
[2911] 108 H. J. Res. 2, Omnibus Appropriations Bill, available at http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d108:HJ00002:.
[2912] Eric Schmitt, "Poindexter Will Be Quitting Over Terrorism Betting Plan," New York Times, August 1, 2003, at A1.
[2913] See generally EPIC, Passavailable at http://www.epic.org/privacy/airtravel/profiling.html.
[2914] Robert O'Harrow, "Surveillance Proposal Expanded: CAPPS II Would Look At More Air Passangers," Washington Post, July 31, 2003, at E01, available at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A4978-2003Jul30.html.
[2915] In Re All Matters Submitted to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, No. Multiple (FISC May 17, 2002), available at http://www.epic.org/privacy/terrorism/fisa/fisc_opinion.html.
[2916] In Re Sealed Case, No. 02-001 (FISCR 2002), available at http://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/common/newsroom/02-001.pdf.
[2917] http://www.hud.gov/offices/cpd/homeless/hmis/; for more information, see the EPIC Poverty and Privacy Page http://www.epic.org/privacy/poverty/.
[2918] Freedom of Information Act, Pub. L. No. (1966), codified at 5 § USC 552, available at http://www.epic.org/open_gov/foia/us_foia_act.html; see also Litigation Under the Federal Open Government Laws (Harry A. Hammitt, David L. Sobel, Mark S. Zaid, eds., 2002).
[2919] Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments of 1996, available at http://www.epic.org/open_gov/efoia.html.
[2920] Testimony of David L. Sobel before the House Committee on Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Hearing on Creating the Department of Homeland Security: Consideration of the Administration's Proposal, July 9, 2002, available at http://www.epic.org/security/infowar/07_02_testimony.html.
[2921] See Tapping Officials' Secrets, Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, available at http://www.reporterscommittee.org/tapping2001/index.cgi.