On the basis of a year of legal research by PI as well as documents obtained by other civil society organisations, and evidence provided by legal representatives fighting these automated systems on behalf of their clients, on the 18th August 2025, we issued a formal complaint to the UK Information Commissioner (ICO) regarding the Home Office’s use of two ‘automated recommendation-making tools’ (ARMTs), the Identify and Prioritise Immigration Cases tool (IPIC) and the Electronic Monitoring…